RESEARCH
My program utilizes viruses to understand viral diseases and as model systems to explore cell biology. By combining biochemical and genetic approaches, with the tools of molecular and structural biology, I examine the interplay of viral and host gene products. Three principle areas of research are under investigation: (1) the study of spherical virus assembly and disassembly processes; (2) the use of viral protein cages as constrained reaction vessels for nano-materials synthesis; (3) and the isolation and genetic characterization of viruses from extreme thermal environments found in Yellowstone National Park.
AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY
Basic research in virology, teaching courses virology and biotechnology. Statewide diagnosis and characterization of viral diseases of importance to Montana agriculture. Director of Montana
NSF EPSCoR program. Co-Director MSU Thermal Biology Institute.
EDUCATION
- B.S. Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 1980
- B.S. Soils and Plant Nutrition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 1980
- Ph.D Plant Pathology (Plant Virology), University of California, Davis, CA 1987
MEMBERSHIPS IN PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
- American Society for Virology
- American Society for Microbiology
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Society
- American Association for the Advancement of Science
RECENT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITES
- National Executive Board, American Society for Virology (1999, 2000, 2001,2002)
- NSF Microbiology Panel (2000, 2001,2002)
- USDA‑NRI panel (1996, 1997,2002)
- Scientific Advisory Board: Alaska NSF EPSCoR Program (2000, 2001,2002)
COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIPS
- National Program Committee, American Society for Virology (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002)
- National Nominations Committee, American Society for Virology (2001,2002)
- NASA Astrobiology Virus Committee (2002)
COURSES TAUGHT
- BIO 415: Intro. to Molecular Biology, Purdue
- USP 490: Undergrad Research, MSU Bozeman
- PS 290: Undergrad Research
- PLP 518: Vrology, MSU-Bozeman
- PLP 519: Virology Lab, MSU-Bozeman
- PLP 541: Molecular Methods, MSU Bozeman
- PLP 521: Plant Virology, MSU Bozeman
- PLP 580: Fundamental Virology, MSU Bozeman
- PLP 690: Doctoral Thesis, MSU Bozeman
- CHEM 490: Undergrad Research, MSU Bozeman
- CHEM 590: Doctoral Thesis, MSU Bozeman
- CHEM690: Doctoral Research, MSU Bozeman
- MBEH 690: Doctoral Research, MSU Bozeman
PUBLICATIONS FROM 1998 TO PRESENT
Refereed Articles
Willits, D., Zhao, X., Brumfield, S., Zlotnick, A., Johnson, J.E., Baker, T. and M. Young. Mutational analysis of the Cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus b-hexamer structure on virion assembly and stability. Virology (in review).
Gillitzer, E., Willits, D., Douglas, T. and M Young. Chemical modifation of a viral cage for multivalent presentation. Chem. Comm. 2002 (in press).
Douglas, T., Allen, M., and M. Young. Self-assembling protein cage systems and applications in nanotechnology. Biopolymer. 2002 (in press).
Douglas, T., Strable, E., Willits, D., Aitouchen, A., Libera, M., and M. Young. Protein engineering of a viral cage for constrained nano-materials synthesis. Adv. Mater 14:123-133. 2002.88
Rice, G., Stedman, K., Snyder, J., Wiedenheft, B., Willits, D., Brumfield, S., McDermott, T., and M. Young. Viruses from extreme thermal environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 13341-13345. 2001.
Schneemann, A., and M. Young. Viral assembly using heterologous expression systems and cell extracts. Adv. Protein Chem. 2001.
Botero, L., Burr, M., Willits, D., Elkins, J., Inskeep, W., Young, M., and T. McDermott. Prokaryote diversity in an extreme thermal soil. Appl. Environ Microbiol. 2001.
Botero, L., Fredericks, J., Burr, M., Wraith, J., Inskeep, W., Young, M., and T. Mc Dermott. Surface-associated culturing approach provides for significantly improved cultivation of thermophilic soil microbes. Journal. 2001.
Baley, G., Talbert, L., Martin, J., Young, M., Habernicht, D., Kushnak, G., Berg, J., Lanning, S., and P. Bruckner. Agronomic and end-use qualities of Wheat streak mosaic virus resistant spring wheat. Crop Sci.41:1779-1784. 2001.
Elumalai, S., Brey, C., Dyer, W., Talbert, L., Young, M., Qu,R. Resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus mediated by an RNA replicase gene in transgenic wheat. Transgenic Research 2001.
Zlotnick, A., Aldrich, R. Johnson, J., Ceres, P., and M. Young. Mechanism of capsid assembly for an icosahedral plant virus. Virology 277, 450-456 (2000).
Douglas, T., Young, M. J., Virus particles as templates for nanophase materials synthesis, Adv. Mater., 11: 679-681, 1999.
Shenton, W., Douglas, T., Young, M., Stubbs, G., Mann, S., Inorganic-organic nanotube composites from template mineralization of tobacco mosaic virus, Adv. Mater., 11: 253-256, 1999.
Douglas, T., Young, M. J., Virus particles as templates for nanophase materials synthesis, Adv. Mater., 11: 679-681, 1999.
Young, M., Flichkin, S., Luteovirus interactions with aphid vector cellular components. Trends MicroBio. 7:466-348, 1999.
Douglas, T., Young, M. J., Host -guest encapsulation of materials by assembled virus protein cages, Nature 393:152-155, 1998.
Fox, J., Wang, G., Speir, J., Olson, N., Johnson, J., Baker, T., Young, M., Comparison of the native CCMV virion with in vitro assembled CCMV virions by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction. Virology, 224:212-218, 1998.
Abstracts
Rice, G., Stedman, K, J. Snyder and M Young. Three novel viruses from high temperature acidic environments. Viral Assembly Meeting, FASEB Summer Research Conferences. Saxtons River VT, June 22-26, 2002.
Young, M., Rice, G., Stedman, K., Snyder, J., Wiedenheft, B., Willits, D., Brumfield, S., McDermott, T., and M. Young. Viruses from extreme thermal environments. Astobiology 2002, Mountain View Ca May 5-8, 2002.
Rice, G., Stedman, K., Snyder, J., and M. Young. The discovery of new viruses from extreme thermal environments of Yellowstone National Park. Gordon Research Conference: Archaea
Ecology, Metabolism and Molecular Biology. Proctor Academy, Andover New Hampshire, August 5-10, 2001 (Abst. 26).
Snyder, J., Rice, G., Stedman, K., Prangishvili, D. and M. Young. Exploring the diversity of Sulfolobus viruses from extreme thermal environments of Yellowstone National Park. Gordon Research Conference: Archaea Ecology, Metabolism and Molecular Biology. Proctor Academy, Andover New Hampshire, August 5-10, 2001 (Abs. 31).
Douglas, T, Young, M., Libera, M., Strable, E., Willits, D., and A. Aitouchen. Biomimetic mineralization in engineered viral protein cages.
Crowley, C, Willits, D., Douglas, T., and M. Young. Protein engineering a reversible chemical switch for controlling structural transitions in a spherical virus. 20th Annual Meeting, American Society for Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, July 21-25,2001 (Abst. W50-3).
Willits, D., Brumfield, S., Strable, E., Zhao, X., Douglas, T., and M. Young. Analysis of metal binding in the assembly of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. 20th Annual Meeting, American Society for Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, July 21-25,2001 (Abst. W50-4).
Brumfield, S., Willits, d., Tang, L., Johnson, J.E., and M. Young. A Pichia pastoris expression system used to express empty Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus particles. 20th Annual Meeting, American Society for Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, July 21-25,2001 (Abst. W50-5).
Wiedenheft, B., Brouns, S., Garrett, R.A., Schleper, C., She, Q., Stedman, K., Martusewitch, E., and M. Young. A viral based transformation system for hyperthermophiles. 20th Annual Meeting, American Society for Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, July 21-25,2001 (Abst. W52-10).
Snyder, J., Rice, G., Stedman, K., Wiedenheft, B., and M. Young. Exploring the diversity of Sulfolobus viruses from extreme thermal environments of Yellowstone National Park. 20th Annual Meeting, American Society for Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, July 21-25,2001 (Abst. W53-10).
Rice, G., Stedman, K., Snyder, J., and M. Young. Discovery of three new viruses from extreme thermal environments of Yellowstone National Park. 20th Annual Meeting, American Society for Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, July 21-25,2001 (Abst. W53-11).
Wiedenheft, B. and M. Young. The diversity of Saves in Yellowstone National Park and around the world. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. March 24-25, 2001.
Stedman, K., and M. Young. Russian Roulette. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. March 24-25, 2001.
Brouns, S., and M. Young. Developing a Sulfolobus solfataricus based expression system. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. March 24-25, 2001.
Rice, G., and M Young. Discovery of two new viruses from extreme thermal environments of Yellowstone National Park. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. March 24-25, 2001.
Snyder, J., and M Young. Cloning and sequencing of SIRV and SIFV from Yellowstone National Park. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. March 24-25, 2001.
Brumfield, S., and M. Young. Heterologous expression systems to assemble modified CCMV-based protein cages. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. March 24-25, 2001.
Crowley, C. and M. Young. Protein engineering a chemical switch into a viral cage. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. March 24-25, 2001.
Li, N., and M. Young. Characterization of a mutant of CCMV and its indication for virus disassembly. 19th Annual Meting, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Co July 8-12, 2000 (Abst W2-2)
Arnold, T., Starkey, J., Willits, D., and M. Young. Heterologous expression of laminin peptide 11 on a virus particle surface for use in malignant cell targeting. 19th Annual Meting, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Co July 8-12, 2000 (Abst W28-10).
Willits, D., Zhao, X., Strable, E., Douglas, T., and M. Young. The putative role of calcium in CCMV virus assembly. 19th Annual Meting, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Co July 8-12, 2000 (Abst W30-6).
Rice, G. Snyder, J., Redfield, E., and M. Young. The discovery of thermophilic viruses in Yellowstone National Park. 19th Annual Meting, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Co July 8-12, 2000 (Abst W47-1).
Snyder, J. Rice, G., Redfield, E. and M. Young. Investigating the diversity of Sulfolobus species and their viruses in Yellowstone National Park. 19th Annual Meting, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Co July 8-12, 2000 (Abst W47-2)
Sonic, A., Johnson, J., Ceres, P., Endres, D., Wingfield, P., and M Young. Different assembly mechanisms are observed for different icosahedral capsids. Viral Assembly Meeting, FASEB Summer Research Conferences. Saxtons River VT, June 10-15, 2000.
Young, M., Rice, G., Snyder, J., Redfield, E., and K. Stedman. Novel Viruses from Extreme Thermal Environments of Yellowstone National Park. Viral Assembly Meeting, FASEB Summer Research Conferences. Saxtons River VT, June 10-15, 2000.
Starkey, J., Young, M., and T. Arnold. Development of a viral protein cage system for targeting malignant solid tumor cells. Cancer 2000. Washington, D.C. July 7-13. 2000.
Mansilla, C., Sanchez, F., Aguilar, I., Ponz, F., Brumfield, S., Young, M., Padgett, H. and G. Pogue. Determinantes de pathogenicidad en tobamovirus. VI Congress in Virologia. Majadahonda, Spain Oct. 24-27, 2000.
Willits, D., and M Young. Structure based modifications of CCMV and their biological implications. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Strable, E., Willits, D., Young, M., and T. Douglas. Analysis of the CCMV calcium binding region. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Young, M., and T. Douglas, T. CCMV as a model for viral protein cages as constrained reaction vessels. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Douglas, T., and M. Young. Modification of viral protein cages for material synthesis and entrapment. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Pincus, Z., and M Young. Systematic analysis of CCMV surface loops to express heterologous protein sequences. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Arnold, T., and M. Young. Targeting CCMV protein cages to cancer cells: Implications for bio imaging and therapy. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Rice, G., and M Young. Viruses from extreme environments. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Snyder, J., Diversity of SSV-like viruses and their hosts from Yellowstone National Park. MontDiego Meeting, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA. Feb. 11-12, 2000.
Young, M. Viruses from Extreme Thermal Environments. Proceedings of NASA Workshop on Life in Extreme Environments. Big Sky, MT. March 6-7, 2000.
Botero, Lina M., Jesse Fredericks, Jon Wraith, Mark Young, and Timothy R. McDermott. Biofilm drip flow chemostat provides for significantly improved cultivation of environmental isolates. NASA Life in Extreme Environments Workshop. Big Sky, MT March, 2000.
Burr, M., M. Young, and T.R. McDermott. Characterization of the nitrogen cycle in an extreme thermal soil. NASA Life in Extreme Environments Workshop. Big Sky, MT March, 2000.
McDermott, T.R., Mark Young, W.P. Inskeep, and Jon Wraith. Prokaryote Diversity in an Extreme Thermal Soil. First Astrobiology Conference, Ames, CA April 3-5, 2000.
H.P. Arnold, E. Bonch-Osmolovskaya, R. Garrett, H. Phan, J.K. Kristjansson, E. Redfield, G. Rice, F. Robb, Q. She, J. Snyder, K. M. Stedman, B. Wiedenheft, M. Young, and W. Zillig. Biodiversity in Fuselloviruses from Japan, Iceland, Yellowstone USA, and Kamchatka, Russia. West Coast Bacterial Physiologists Annual Asilomar Meeting. December 15-18, 2000. Diversity and Similarity of SSV viruses from Yellowstone, Iceland and Japan: SSVs are everywhere.
K. Stedman, H.P. Arnold, D. Prangishvili, E. Redfield, G. Rice, J. Snyder, H. Phan, Q. She, R. A. Garrett, M. Young and W. Zillig. Symposium on the Origin and Evolution of Viruses, Les Treilles, France. July 24-30, 2000.
Willits, D., Zhao, X., Baker, T., Young, M. Analysis of CCMV structural features. XI International Congress of Virology. August 9-13, 1999. Sydney Australia (VW49.07).
Berger, P., McCarthey, P., Hansen, J., Shiel, P., Wyatt, S., Bosque-Perez, N., Zemetra, R., Young, M. Coat protein-mediated resistance to barley yellow dwarf and wheat streak mosaic in soft white winter wheat. XI International Congress of Virology. August 9-13, 1999. Sydney Australia (VP57.22).
Young, M., Douglas, T. CCMV as a constrained reaction vessel for inorganic and organic material synthesis. XI International Congress of Virology. August 9-13, 1999. Sydney Australia (V41RS.2).
Starkey, J., Young, M., Arnold, T. Development of a viral protein cage system for targeting malignant solid tumor cells. Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics: Discovery, Development, and Clinical Validation. NCI November 16-19, 1999, Washington DC.
Young, M. Development and Scientific Program of the Thermal Biology Institute. Montana EPSCoR Meeting. November 1-3, 1999. Missoula MT.
Filichkin, S., Brumfield, S., and Young, M. 1998. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus: Evidence of covalent bond formation between N-terminal portions of two coat protein subunits. 17th Annual Meeting American Society of Virology. July 11-15, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 9Abst. P12-2).
Li, N., Brumfield, S., and Young, M. 1998. Analysis of CCMV Co-translational disassembly. 17th Annual Meeting American Society of Virology. July 11-15, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Abst W28-3).
Filichkin, S., Brumfield, S., Filichkin, T., and Young, M. 1998. Identification of capsid protein domains involved in transmission specificity of barley yellow dwarf virus. 17th Annual Meeting American Society of Virology. July 11-15, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Abst. P6-25).
Books and book chapters
Young, M. and D. Willits. Virus Structure In Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology, (O. Maloy and T. Murry Eds) John Wiley & Sons. (2000).
Young, M. J., Filichkin, S., and Van der Houvel. 1998. The role of SymL in Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus biology. In Host - Virus Interactions. Plenum Press, New York.
Patents
Young, M.J. and T. Douglas. 2000. Nanoscale inorganic and organic materials synthesized within virus particles. (issued).
Young, M. Virion-constrained nanoparticles comprising a plant virion coat protein shell and encapsulated guest molecules. 2000. Patents issued in Japan, Australia, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy.
Young, M., D. Atkins, J. Fillatti, L. Kelly, and W. L. Gerlach. 1993. Nucleic acids and methods of use thereof for controlling viral pathogens. (42710‑PCT).
Young, M.J., J. Fillatti, and W.L. Gerlach. 1991. Gene expression Patent (# 4295‑PAS).
CURRENT PROGRAMS
Administrative
- Director, NSF EPSCoR Program
- Co-Director MSU Thermal Biology Institute
Research
- The use of viral protein cages as templates for nano materials synthesis
- The discovery and characterization of viruses from extreme environments
Teaching
- Graduate level virology
- Undergraduate biotechnology laboratory
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